Auditory Pathway Maturation in Full-term Small for Gestational Age Children: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction Factors of intrauterine growth restriction have been responsible for the births of full-term babies small for their gestational age (SCA). Scientific evidence points that this restriction can cause changes in the neural maturation process. Objectives To analyze the absolute latencies and interpeak intervals of brainstem auditory evoked potential waves in full-term and SCA children to investigate whether there are changes of neural maturation in this population. Data Synthesis The search for articles that reported the assessment of brainstem auditory evoked potential in SCA newborns compared with a control, appropriate for their gestational age, both born full-term, for the entire period available in the database research until October31, 2021 was performed based on the MEDLINE/PubMed Central and on the Latin America and the Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and Virtual Health Library electronic databases. A total of 311 studies were found in the database research. Out of this total, 10 studies were included in the review, 5 of which were eligible for the meta-analysis, involving a total of 473 participants of both genders, with 193 participants belonging to the study group and 280 to the control group. Differences between the groups were only observed in the absolute latency of wave V (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02-0.15; p<0.01). Conclusion The SCA condition is responsible for the appearance of brainstem neural conduction dysfunction measured by the brainstem auditory evoked potentials, probably by the maturation process of the auditory pathway of this population.

Robson Classification for cesarean section in a Public Hospital in Distrito Federal / Classificação de Robson para cesárea em um Hospital Público do Distrito Federal

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate cesarean taxes by looking at Robson classification on 10 groups (G) and the principal indications at the prevalent groups and at G10. Methods: cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study, including all deliveries performed in a public hospital in Distrito Federal in 2019. Data were collected from medical records and pregnant women were classified in 10 groups. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to calculate the p-value. The risk estimate for cesarean was defined by common odds ratio of Mantel-Haenszel, with calculation of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI95%). Results: there were 2,205 deliveries, 1,084 (49.1%) of which were cesarean and 1,121 (50.9%) vaginal deliveries. The principal factors for cesarean were G5 (39.3%), G2 (21.2%) and G1 (13.6%). At G10, cesarean had 51.5% of births, not differing statistically from the other groups (p>0.05). Considering all preterm births, G6 to G10 and the other groups, there is a bigger chance of cesarean happening in relation to normal labor (OR=1.4; CI95%= 1.011-2.094; p=0.042). Dystocia remained at G1 and G2, previous cesarean at G5 and hypertensive syndrome at G10. Conclusion: cesarean was most prevalent delivery route, showing elevated rates even in primiparous and preterm births. Preponderance of dystocia and acute fetal distress suggests better evaluation of the diagnostic criteria, mainly in G1, G2 and G10.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar as taxas de cesárea pela classificação de Robson em 10 grupos (G) e as principais indicações nos grupos prevalentes e no G10. Métodos: estudo transversal, observacional, retrospectivo, incluindo todos os nascimentos em um hospital público do Distrito Federal em 2019. Dados coletados de prontuários eletrônicos e as parturientes categorizadas em dez grupos. Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para o valor de p e razão de chances comum de Mantel-Haenszel para estimativa de risco, com OR e IC95%. Resultados: ocorreram 2.205 nascimentos, 1.084 (49,1%) cesáreas e 1.121 (50,9%) partos normais. Os principais contribuintes para a cesárea foram G5 (39,3%), G2 (21,2%) e G1 (13,6%). No G10, cesárea teve 51,5% dos nascimentos, não diferindo estatisticamente dos demais grupos (p>0,05). Considerando todos os prematuros, G6 ao G10 e demais grupos, há maior chance de cesárea em relação ao parto normal (OR=1,4; IC95%= 1.011-2.094; p=0,042). Distócia prevaleceu nos G1 e G2, Cesárea prévia no G5 e Síndromes hipertensivas no G10. Conclusão: a cesárea mostrou taxas elevadas inclusive nas primíparas e nos prematuros. Predomínio de Distócia e Sofrimento fetal sugerem melhor avaliação destes critérios diagnósticos, principalmente em G1, G2 e G10.

Maternal & perinatal outcome of fever in pregnancy in the context of dengue - A retrospective observational study

Background & objectives: Pregnant women with dengue infection may be at increased risk of adverse maternal-foetal outcomes. This study was conducted to assess the maternal and perinatal outcomes in women who presented with fever and diagnosed to have dengue infection during pregnancy. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on pregnant women admitted with fever, in a tertiary referral centre in South India, during January 2015 to December 2018. We compared outcomes of women diagnosed with dengue with that of women without dengue. The study outcomes included pre-term birth, stillbirth, low-birth weight (LBW), maternal mortality and thrombocytopenia. Results: During the study period, there were six maternal deaths following complications from dengue infection. Higher rates of thrombocytopenia (24.7% vs. 14.6%, P=0.02) were noted among those with recent dengue infection. The risk of still birth was 2.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09, 6.57], LBW [risk ratio (RR) 1.13, 95% CI 0.87, 1.45] and pre-term birth (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.89, 1.97) among the cases. Interpretation & conclusions: Occurrence of adverse maternal and foetal outcomes was increased in pregnant women with fever diagnosed with dengue infection. Future studies are needed to formulate the optimum monitoring and treatment strategies in pregnant women, where dengue can have additive adverse effects to other obstetric complications.

Por que devemos nos preocupar com os bebês a termo internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal / Por qué deberíamos preocuparnos por los bebés nacidos a término ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal / Why we should care about full-term infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a razão pela qual devemos nos preocuparmos com os bebês a termo internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Trata-se de estudo documental, descritivo e retrospectivo de 262 recém-nascidos (RNs) a termo. As variáveis utilizadas foram: características dos RN; diagnóstico principal, tempo de permanência e acompanhamento pela equipe multiprofissional; e encaminhamento pós-alta. Houve prevalência do sexo masculino (52%), de Apgar 9 no 5º minuto e da raça/cor branca do RN e da mãe (61,1% e 48,9%, respectivamente). O diagnóstico principal foi a disfunção respiratória (28,8%), e o tempo de permanência foi de oito dias. Houve diferença significativa entre os tempos de permanência (p=0,013), em que as doenças cardiorrespiratórias e outras doenças levaram a um menor tempo de internação em relação à má formação ou às doenças maternas. O serviço social foi o mais procurado para o acompanhamento (81,2%) e a fisioterapia, o menos buscado (18%). RNs com maior peso ficaram menos tempo internados, e os acompanhados por fisioterapia apresentaram tempo de permanência mais elevados (p<0,001). O principal desfecho foi a alta hospitalar (68,7%) e encaminhamentos para a Unidade Básica de Saúde (57%). Os achados deste estudo apontam a presença de bebês menos graves, baixo número de estudos específicos para a população a termo e outros diagnósticos que nos remetem a cuidados não intensivos.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el motivo de preocupación por los recién nacidos a término ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal. Se trata de un estudio documental, descriptivo y retrospectivo, realizado con 262 recién nacidos (RN) a término. Las variables utilizadas fueron: características de los RN; diagnóstico principal, tiempo de estancia y seguimiento por el equipo multidisciplinar; y derivación posterior al alta. Hubo predominio del sexo masculino (52%), Apgar 9 al 5º minuto y raza/color blanca del RN y de la madre (61,1% y 48,9%, respectivamente). El principal diagnóstico fue disfunción respiratoria (28,8%), y la estancia hospitalaria fue de ocho días. Hubo una diferencia significativa entre el tiempo de estancia (p=0,013), en que las enfermedades cardiorrespiratorias y otras enfermedades resultaron en una menor estancia hospitalaria con relación a malformaciones o enfermedades maternas. El trabajo social fue el más buscado para el seguimiento (81,2%), y la fisioterapia, el menos buscado (18%). Los RN con mayor peso tuvieron una menor estancia hospitalaria, y aquellos que recibían seguimiento de fisioterapia tuvieron mayor tiempo de estancia (p<0,001). El principal desenlace fue el alta hospitalaria (68,7%) y las derivaciones a la Unidad Básica de Salud (57%). Los hallazgos de este estudio apuntan a la presencia de recién nacidos menos graves, un bajo número de estudios específicos para la población a término y otros diagnósticos que nos remiten a cuidados no intensivos.

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze why we should care about full-term newborns admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. This is a documented, descriptive, and retrospective study of 262 full-term newborns. Variables used: newborns' characteristics; main diagnosis, length of stay, follow-up by a multidisciplinary team; post-discharge referral. Most newborns were boys (52%), had a 5-minute Apgar score of nine, and most newborns and their mothers were white (61.1% and 48.9% respectively). Respiratory dysfunction was the main diagnosis (28.8%). Length of stay was eight days. There was a significant difference regarding length of stay (p=0.013), in which those with cardiorespiratory and other diseases stayed less time compared to those with malformation or maternal diseases. The social service was the most sought (81.2%) service, whereas physical therapy the least sought (18%). Newborns with higher weight were hospitalized for less time. Those that underwent physical therapy had longer stay (p<0.001). Main outcome was hospital discharge (68.7%) and referrals to the Basic Health Unit (57%). This study outcomes indicated newborns with less severe conditions, low number of specific studies for the full-term population, other diagnoses that refer to non-intensive care.

Magnitude e características dos nascimentos termo tardio e pós-termo e complicações maternas e neonatais no Brasil, 2011 / Magnitude and characteristics of late-term and post-term births: analysis of maternal and neonatal complications in Brazil, 2011 / Magnitud, características de los nacimientos a término tardío y postérmino y las complicaciones maternas y neonatales en Brasil, 2011

Este estudo analisou o nascimento termo tardio e pós-termo, avaliando o perfil materno, suas características e as complicações maternas e neonatais. Foram selecionados 23.610 bebês do estudo Nascer no Brasil (2011), sendo realizada uma análise descritiva da população de estudo. A associação entre o nascimento termo tardio e pós-termo e seus desfechos foi efetuada pela utilização de regressões logísticas (valor de p < 0,05). A prevalência encontrada foi de 7,4% para o termo tardio e de 2,5% para o pós-termo, tendo ambos sido mais frequentes nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, em adolescentes, mulheres negras, de baixa escolaridade, multíparas, atendidas no setor público. As gestações termo tardio tiveram maior chance de indução do parto vaginal (OR = 2,02; IC95%: 1,67-2,45), de cesariana (OR = 1,32; IC95%: 1,16-1,52), de laceração grave (OR = 3,75; IC95%: 1,36-10,36) e de uso oxigenoterapia para os recém-nascidos (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,02-2,26). Nas gestações pós-termo, os recém-nascidos tiveram menor chance de amamentação ao nascer (OR = 0,74; IC95%: 0,56-0,97) e durante a hospitalização (OR = 0,62; IC95%: 0,40-0,97) e maior chance de nascerem pequenos para a idade gestacional (OR = 4,01; IC95%: 2,83-5,70). Os resultados utilizando somente a ultrassonografia como medida da idade gestacional confirmaram os achados anteriores. Gestações termo tardio e pós-termo ocorrem com maior frequência nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e em mulheres com maior vulnerabilidade social, associando-se a complicações maternas e neonatais.

This study analyzed late-term and post-term birth, evaluating the maternal profile, its characteristics, and maternal and neonatal complications. A total of 23,610 babies were selected from the Birth in Brazil study (2011), and a descriptive analysis of the study population was performed. The association between late-term and post-term birth and their outcomes was performed using logistic regressions (p-value < 0.05). The prevalence found was 7.4% for late-term and 2.5% for post-term birth, both of which were more frequent in the North and Northeast regions, in adolescents, black women, with low schooling, multiparous, cared for by the public sector. Late term pregnancies had a higher chance of induction of vaginal delivery (OR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.67-2.45), of cesarean section (OR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.16-1.52), of severe laceration (OR = 3.75; 95%CI: 1.36-10.36), and of oxygen therapy for newborns (OR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.02-2.26). In post-term pregnancies, newborns had a lower chance of breastfeeding at birth (OR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.56-0.97) and during hospitalization (OR = 0.62; 95%CI: 0.40-0.97) and a higher chance of being born small for the gestational age (OR = 4.01; 95%CI: 2.83-5.70). The results using only ultrasound as a measure of gestational age confirmed the previous findings. Late-term and post-term pregnancies occur more frequently in the North and Northeast regions and in women with greater social vulnerability, being associated with maternal and neonatal complications.

Este estudio analizó los nacimientos a término tardío y postérmino, evaluando el perfil materno, sus características y las complicaciones maternas y neonatales. Se seleccionó a 23.610 bebés del estudio Nacer en Brasil (2011) para realizar un análisis descriptivo de la población de estudio. La asociación entre el nacimiento a término tardío y postérmino y sus desenlaces se realizó mediante regresiones logísticas (valor de p < 0,05). Se encontró una prevalencia del 7,4% para nacimientos a término tardío y del 2,5% para postérmino, ambas más frecuentes en las regiones Norte y Nordeste brasileño, en adolescentes, mujeres negras, con bajo nivel de estudios, multíparas y atendidas en el sector público de salud. Los embarazos a término tardío tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de inducir el parto vaginal (OR = 2,02; IC95%: 1,67-2,45), cesárea (OR = 1,32; IC95%: 1,16-1,52), laceración severa (OR = 3,75; IC95%: 1,36-10,36) y uso de oxigenoterapia en los recién nacidos (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,02-2,26). En los embarazos postérmino, los recién nacidos tuvieron menos probabilidad de ser amamantados al nacer (OR = 0,74; IC95%: 0,56-0,97) y durante la hospitalización (OR = 0,62; IC95%: 0,40-0,97), y más probabilidad de nacer pequeños para la edad gestacional (OR = 4,01; IC95%: 2,83-5,70). Los resultados que utilizaron solo la ecografía como medición para la edad gestacional confirmaron estos hallazgos. Los embarazos a término tardío y postérmino ocurren con mayor frecuencia en las regiones Norte y Nordeste brasileño, en mujeres con mayor vulnerabilidad social y están asociados a complicaciones maternas y neonatales.

Skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding at childbirth: women's desires, expectations, and experiences / Contato pele a pele e amamentação no momento do parto: desejos, expectativas e experiências de mulheres

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze women's desires, expectations and experiences regarding skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding in the first hour of life of their newborns. Methods: Qualitative research carried out in a teaching hospital in the Northeast Region of Brazil. The patients were followed longitudinally during prenatal care, at birth and during the puerperium. The participants were pregnant women during normal risk prenatal care, aged over 18 years old. Structured and semi-structured interviews were carried out in the prenatal period, participant observation at the time of delivery and new interviews in the puerperium. Content analysis was applied in the thematic modality. Results: 18 women between 21 and 38 years old were enrolled in the research. Women expressed the desire for skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding as immediate practices right after delivery and birth. However, many women did not believe it was possible, and the performance of routine procedures was considered the main obstacle. These expectations that skin-to-skin contact and early breastfeeding would not be carried out were confirmed in the experiences immediately after birth. Conclusions: The expectations and experiences brought by these women suggest a flaw that starts in prenatal care and implies difficulties in implementing the studied practices. Thus, the empowerment and participation of women can become an important tool in the humanization of birth.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os desejos, as expectativas e as experiências de mulheres no que diz respeito ao contato pele a pele e à amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa realizada em um hospital de ensino de uma capital da Região Nordeste. As mulheres foram acompanhadas longitudinalmente, durante o pré-natal, o parto e o puerpério. As participantes eram gestantes em pré-natal de risco habitual, com idade maior de 18 anos. Foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas e semiestruturadas no pré-natal, observação participante no momento do parto e novas entrevistas no puerpério. Fez-se a análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 18 mulheres, entre 21 e 38 anos. Elas expressaram o desejo do contato pele a pele e da amamentação como práticas imediatas após o parto e o nascimento, contudo muitas não acreditavam que fosse possível, sendo o principal entrave a realização de procedimentos de rotina. As expectativas de impossibilidade do contato pele a pele e amamentação precoce foram confirmadas no momento do parto. Conclusões: As expectativas e experiências trazidas pelas mulheres apontam para uma falha que se inicia no pré-natal e implica dificuldades na implementação das práticas estudadas. Desse modo, o fortalecimento da participação das mulheres pode se mostrar uma ferramenta importante na humanização do nascimento.

Influência da idade gestacional no termo sobre o peso: estudo de coorte / Influencia de la edad gestacional a término sobre el peso: estudio de cohorte / Influence of term gestational age on weight: cohort study

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar o efeito da idade gestacional no termo sobre o peso ao nascer e sua evolução no primeiro ano de vida da criança. Método: Coorte única, concorrente, com seguimento prospectivo de um ano, realizado em Botucatu/SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada em três momentos no primeiro ano de vida da criança. Análise do peso ao nascer, aos seis e doze meses, em função da idade gestacional, incluindo potenciais variáveis de confusão foi realizada, ajustando modelos de regressão com resposta normal, após identificação das associações bivariadas com p<0,20. Análises executadas com o software SPSS v22. Resultados: De maneira independente, crianças nascidas de termo precoce tinham, em média, 161 g a menos no peso ao nascer (β=-161,6; IC 95%= −236,1- −87,2; p<0,001), 350g a mais no peso aos seis meses (β=0,35; IC 95%= 0,16-0,53; p<0,001) e 290 g a mais no peso aos doze meses (β= 0,29; IC 95%= 0,04-0,50; p=0,019) que aquelas nascidas de termo completo. Achados secundários: mães com mais idade e número de consultas pré-natal tiveram bebês com maior peso ao nascer; crianças com maior comprimento ao nascer tiveram maior peso aos seis e doze meses e aquelas com maior tempo de aleitamento materno tiveram menor peso aos doze meses. Conclusão: Houve associação entre idade gestacional no termo e peso ao nascer, aos seis e doze meses. Crianças nascidas de termo precoce tiveram, de maneira independente, menor peso ao nascer e maior peso que as nascidas de termo completo aos seis e doze meses de vida.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar el efecto de la edad gestacional a término sobre el peso al nacer y su evolución en el primer año de vida del niño. Método: Cohorte única, concurrente, con seguimiento prospectivo de un año, realizado en Botucatu, estado de São Paulo. La recolección de datos se realizó en tres momentos durante el primer año de vida del niño. El peso fue analizado al nacer, a los seis y a los doce meses, en función de la edad gestacional, que incluyó potenciales variables de confusión, con el ajuste de modelos de regresión con respuesta normal, luego de la identificación de las relaciones bivariadas con p<0,20. Los análisis se realizaron con el software SPSS v22. Resultados: De manera independiente, los niños nacidos antes de término tenían, en promedio, 161 g menos de peso al nacer (β=-161,6; IC 95 %= −236,1- −87,2; p<0,001), 350 g más de peso a los seis meses (β=0,35; IC 95 %= 0,16-0,53; p<0,001) y 290 g más de peso a los doce meses (β= 0,29; IC 95 %= 0,04-0,50; p=0,019) que los niños nacidos a término. Descubrimientos secundarios: madres con más edad y número de consultas de atención prenatal tuvieron bebés con más peso al nacer; niños con mayor longitud al nacer tuvieron más peso a los seis y doce meses, y los que tuvieron más tiempo de lactancia materna tuvieron un peso menor a los doce meses. Conclusión: Se encontró relación entre edad gestacional a término y peso al nacer, a los seis y a los doce meses. Niños nacidos antes de término tuvieron, de manera independiente, menos peso al nacer y más peso que los nacidos a término a los seis y doce meses de vida.

Abstract Objective: Identify the effect of term gestational age on birth weight and its evolution in the first year of the child's life. Method: Single cohort, concurrent, with prospective follow-up of one year, performed in Botucatu/SP. Data were collected at three moments in the child's first year of life. To analyze the weight at birth, at six and at twelve months, in function of the gestational age, including potential confounding variables, regression models with normal response were adjusted after identifying bivariate associations with p<0.20. The analyses were developed using SPSS V22. Results: Independently, early-term children were, on average, 161 g lighter at birth (β=-161.6; 95% CI= −236.1 - −87.2; p<0.001), 350 g heavier at six months (β=0.35; 95% CI= 0.16-0.53; p<0.001) and 290 g heavier at twelve months (β= 0.29; 95% CI= 0.04-0.50; p=0.019) than full-term children. Secondary findings: mothers of older age and who attended a larger number of antenatal consultations had heavier babies at birth; longer children at birth were heavier at six and twelve months and infants breastfed longer were lighter at twelve months. Conclusion: Full-term gestational age was associated with birth weight, at six and twelve months. Early-term children independently showed a lower birth weight and higher weight than full-term infants at six and twelve months of age.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao baixo peso em recém-nascidos a termo / Prevalence and factors associated with low birth weight in full-term newborns

RESUMO Objetivo estimar a prevalência e verificar os fatores associados ao baixo peso em recém-nascidos a termo. Métodos estudo retrospectivo realizado com 24.744 recém-nascidos. Os dados foram obtidos mediante a consulta ao Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos. Na análise, foi empregada a regressão logística múltipla utilizando o modelo hierárquico com variáveis maternas, gestacionais e de assistência. Resultados a prevalência de baixo peso ao nascer foi de 2,4%, sendo 51,0% dos casos em recém-nascido do sexo masculino, 73,7% em mulheres na faixa etária de 20-34 anos; 56,5% eram multíparas e 95,0% possuíam oito anos ou mais de estudo. Na análise múltipla, foi observada a associação de baixo peso com o número de consultas de pré-natal, ordem de nascimento e sexo do recém-nascido. Conclusão os fatores associados ao baixo peso em recém-nascidos a termo foram: sexo masculino, multiparidade e realização de menos de sete consultas de pré-natal.

ABSTRACT Objective to estimate the prevalence and verify the factors associated with low birth weight in full-term newborns. Methods this is a retrospective study conducted with 24,744 newborns. Data were retrieved from the Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Information System on Live Births). For the analysis, multiple logistic regression was used using the hierarchical model with maternal, gestational, and care variables. Results the prevalence of low birth weight was 2.4%, with 51.0% of cases in male newborns, 73.7% in women aged 20-34 years; 56.5% were multiparous and 95.0% had eight years of education or more. In the multiple analysis, the association of low weight with the number of prenatal consultations, newborn's birth order, and sex were observed. Conclusion the factors associated with low birth weight in full-term newborns were male sex, multiparity, and less than seven prenatal consultations.

The influence of gestational age at term on breastfeeding: a cohort study / Influencia de la edad gestacional a término en la lactancia materna: un estudio de cohorte / Influência da idade gestacional no termo sobre o aleitamento materno: estudo de coorte

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the effect of the category gestational age at term on breastfeeding in he first hour of life, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth. Method: Single cohort, with a one-year prospective follow-up of 541 children. A hierarchical analysis was performed, with models adjusted per Cox regression, considering critical p < 0.05. Results: During raw analysis there was a statistical difference on breastfeeding in the first hour of life (RR = 1.54; CI 95% = 1.12-2.12; p = 0.008). However, in the final analysis, there was no association between gestational age at term and breastfeeding in the first hour of life, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and the practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth. Secondarily, higher age and education, cesarean section, birth at private services, and the need for resuscitation were observed to have a negative influence. Duration of previous pregnancy favored breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Using baby bottle and pacifier was negative for breastfeeding in the first year of life. Conclusion: There was no association between the category gestational age at term and breastfeeding. The association of outcomes pointed out by the scientific literature have been confirmed.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el efecto de la categoría de edad gestacional a término sobre la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la práctica de la lactancia materna a los doce meses. Método: Cohorte única, con un año de seguimiento prospectivo de 541 niños. Se realizó un análisis jerárquico, con modelos ajustados por regresión de Cox, considerando el p crítico < 0,05. Resultados: El análisis bruto presentó una diferencia estadística en la práctica de la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida (RR = 1,54; IC 95% = 1,12-2,12; p = 0,008). Sin embargo, en el análisis final, no hubo asociación entre la edad gestacional a término y la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la práctica de la lactancia materna a los doce meses. En segundo lugar, se encontró que el aumento de la edad y la educación, la cesárea, el nacimiento en servicios privados y la necesidad de reanimación influyeron negativamente. El embarazo previo favoreció la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida. Usar biberón y chupete fue negativo para la lactancia en el primer año de vida. Conclusión: No hubo asociación entre la edad gestacional a término y la lactancia materna. Se confirmó la asociación de los resultados apuntados en la literatura científica.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o efeito da categoria idade gestacional no termo sobre o aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida, a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a prática do aleitamento materno aos doze meses. Método: Coorte única, com acompanhamento prospectivo de um ano de 541 crianças. Foi realizada uma análise hierarquizada, com modelos ajustados por regressão de Cox, considerando-se p crítico < 0,05. Resultados: Na análise bruta houve diferença estatística na prática do aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida (RR = 1,54; IC95% = 1,12-2,12; p = 0,008). Porém, na análise final, não houve associação entre idade gestacional no termo e aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e prática do aleitamento materno aos doze meses. Secundariamente, encontrou-se que o aumento na idade e escolaridade, a cesárea, o nascimento em serviços privados e a necessidade de reanimação influenciaram negativamente. A vigência de gestação prévia favoreceu o aleitamento na primeira hora de vida. Usar mamadeira e chupeta foi negativo para o aleitamento no primeiro ano de vida. Conclusão: Não houve associação entre a categoria idade gestacional no termo e aleitamento materno. Confirmou-se a associação de desfechos já apontados na literatura cientifica.

Atenção à saúde no primeiro ano de vida de uma coorte prospectiva de lactentes prematuros tardios e a termo de Botucatu, São Paulo, 2015-2017 / Atención a la salud en el primer año de vida de una cohorte prospectiva de bebés prematuros tardíos y a término, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil, 2015-2017 / Health care in the first year of life of a prospective cohort of late-preterm and full-term infants, in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil, 2015-2017

Objetivo: Avaliar associação entre prematuridade tardia e utilização de serviços de referência no primeiro ano de vida. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, com dados coletados no 1º, 3º, 6º, 9º e 12º meses dos lactentes. Características maternas e de nascimento foram comparadas entre nascidos a termo e prematuros tardios. Avaliou-se o efeito da prematuridade tardia sobre a utilização de ambulatório especializado e unidade de pronto-socorro/pronto atendimento, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e hospitalização, calculando-se razões de chances ajustadas. Resultados: Os 41 prematuros tardios e 540 nascidos a termo diferiram nas frequências de baixo peso ao nascer e não permanência em alojamento conjunto, maiores nos prematuros tardios, estes também com mais chance de internação em UTI neonatal (OR=6,85 - IC95% 2,56;18,34), condição que não se associou à utilização dos demais serviços de referência. Conclusão: Prematuridade tardia não se associou à maior utilização de serviços de referência após alta da maternidade.

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre nacidos prematuros tardíos y nacidos a término y la utilización de servicios de derivación. Métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo, con datos recolectados desde el primero hasta el duodécimo mes de vida de los lactantes. Se evaluaron características maternas y de nacimiento que fueron comparadas entre nacidos a término y prematuros tardíos. Fue evaluado el efecto de la prematuridad tardía sobre el uso de los servicios de derivación especializado y las unidades de Atención Temprana, internación en centro de terapia intensiva (CTI) y hospitalización calculando las razones de probabilidades ajustadas. Resultados: Los 41 nacidos prematuros tardíos y los 540 nacidos a término difirieron en la frecuencia de bajo peso al nacer y en no permanecer en alojamiento conjunto, mayor en los nacidos prematuros tardíos. Hubo más posibilidades de ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales en nacidos prematuros tardíos (OR=6,85 - IC95% 2,56;18,34), condición que no se asoció con el uso de otros servicios de referencia. Conclusión: La prematuridad tardía no se asoció a una mayor utilización de los servicios de derivación luego del alta de la maternidad.

Objective: To assess association between late-preterm birth and use of referral health services in the first year of life. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, with data collected from infants at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months old. Maternal and birth characteristics were compared between full-term and late preterm infants. The effect of late preterm birth on the use of specialized outpatient clinic, emergency room/emergency care center, hospitalizations and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions was evaluated by calculating adjusted odds ratios. Results: 41 late preterm and 540 full-term infants differed as to frequency of low birth weight and in not staying in joint accommodation, both of which were higher in late-preterm infants, who were also more likely to be admitted to the neonatal ICU (OR=6.85 - 95%CI 2.56;18.34). Late preterm birth was not associated with the use of other referral health services. Conclusion: late preterm birth was not associated with greater use of referral health services after discharge from maternity hospital.

Effect of modified vaginal cervical cerclage in the treatment of cervical insufficiency during pregnancy / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of modified vaginal cervical cerclage in the treatment of cervical insufficiency during pregnancy.Methods:The clinical data of 18 women with cervical insufficiency during pregnancy who received treatment in Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2018 to January 2020 (including nine cases receiving modified Shirodkar operation and nine cases receiving modified McDonald operation) were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The operation process was successful in all 18 women, and there were no postoperative complications. After modified Shirodkar operation, the average gestational weeks were prolonged by 14.7 weeks. Six cases had a smooth vaginal delivery [full-term delivery in five cases and preterm premature rupture of membranes (35 weeks + 1 day) in one case]. Three women had a cesarean delivery [cesarean delivery at full-term in two cases, including twin pregnancy in one case and previous cesarean delivery in one case; preterm premature rupture of membranes because of chorioamnionitis (32 weeks + 1 day) with poor prognosis in one case]. The rate of holding babies home was 88.9%. After modified McDonald operation, the average gestational weeks were prolonged by 11.5 weeks. Five cases had a smooth vaginal delivery [full-term delivery in three cases, preterm premature rupture of membranes in one case (35 weeks + 3 days) and in one case (31 weeks)]. Three women had a cesarean delivery at full-term [secondary cesarean delivery in one case, twin pregnancy in one case, and preterm premature rupture of membrane because of preeclampsia in one case]. One case had infectious abortion, and the rate of holding the baby home was 88.9%.Conclusion:Selection of different modified operations according to the length of cervical canal can prolong gestational weeks and increase the survival rate of newborns. The modified vaginal cervical cerclage is simple and easy to operate with minimal damage to pregnant women, which is suitable for clinical promotion.

Clinical features and prognosis of purulent meningitis in premature infants versus full-term infants / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate clinical features and prognosis of purulent meningitis in premature infants versus full-term infants and to better understand purulent meningitis and improve the diagnosis and treatment of purulent meningitis in infants. Methods:The clinical data of 54 infants with purulent meningitis who received treatment in Shanxi Children's Hospital, China between January 2017 and December 2019 were included in this study. The included infants were divided into preterm group (gestational age < 37 weeks, n = 11) and full-term group (gestational age 37-42 weeks, n = 43) according to different gestational ages. Clinical features and cerebrospinal fluid biochemical indexes (white blood cell count, protein concentration, glucose level) as well as total effective rate were compared between the preterm and full-term groups. Results:The main clinical features of neonatal purulent meningitis were fever, bradykinesia, low amount of milk intake, convulsion, lethargy, irritability, increased intracranial pressure, hypotonia or hypertonia. Hypotonia was the prominent manifestation in the preterm group, while fever, convulsion and bradykinesia were the prominent manifestations in the full-term group. White blood cell count and cerebrospinal fluid glucose level in the preterm group were significantly higher than those in the full-term group ( t = 2.215, 2.023, both P < 0.05), but cerebrospinal fluid protein level in the preterm group was significantly higher than that in the full-term group ( t = 2.437, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in total effective rate between preterm and full-term groups [90.91% (10/11) vs. 90.70% (39/43), χ2 = 0.001, P > 0.05]. Conclusion:The clinical features of neonatal purulent meningitis are not specific, and the clinical features of premature infants with purulent meningitis are not typical. It is necessary to carefully observe the clinical manifestations of premature infants with purulent meningitis and detect the biochemical indexes of cerebrospinal fluid to strive for early diagnosis and treatment.

Comparison of the clinical characteristics of congenital chylothorax in preterm and term infants / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To compare the clinical characteristics of congenital chylothorax in preterm and term infants.Method:From January 2011 to December 2019, the clinical data of infants with congenital chylothorax admitted to our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The infants were assigned into preterm group (<37 weeks) and term group (≥37 weeks) according to their gestational age. The general information, clinical manifestations, laboratory results, treatment and prognosis of the two groups were compared.Result:A total of 34 infants with congenital chylothorax were included, including 11 premature infants and 23 term infants. No significant differences existed in gender, delivery mode, prenatal diagnosis of pleural effusion, congenital heart disease/chromosome abnormality, birth asphyxia, dyspnea, fetal edema, and location of effusion between the two groups ( P>0.05). Compared with term group, preterm group had significantly fewer leukocytes [3 245(1 007, 7 403)×10 6/L vs. 10 214(6 233,16 458)×10 6/L] and lower protein level [(28.1±7.6) g/L vs. (33.3±6.3) g/L] in the pleural fluid ( P<0.05). No significant differences existed in the proportion of pleural lymphocytes between the two groups ( P>0.05). The proportion of mechanical ventilation (MV) in the preterm group was statistically higher than that the term group [100%(11/11) vs. 65.2%(15/23)], and the duration of MV was statistically longer than the term group [(16(10,25) d) vs. (1(0,11) d)] ( P<0.05). No significant differences existed between the two groups in the application of other treatment options (thoracentesis/drainage, fasting, octreotide and erythromycin pleural injection), time needed for the disappearance of effusion, duration of hospital stay and cure/improvement rate ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Preterm infants may have lower leukocyte count and protein level in the pleural effusion than the term infants. Both preterm and term infants have higher proportion of lymphocytes in the pleural effusion fluid. Although most preterm infants need ventilator support after delivery, most of them achieve complete remission after conservative treatment and the overall prognosis is as good as term infants.

Fatores materno-infantis associados ao desenvolvimento de bebês prematuros e a termo / Maternal-infant factors associated to the development of preterm and full-term babies / Factores materno-infantiles asociados al desarrollo de bebés prematuros y a término

Conhecer a influência de variáveis materno-infantis e ambientais no processo desenvolvimental torna possível que atrasos sejam minimizados. Pretendeu-se comparar variáveis sociodemográficas e de desenvolvimento de bebês prematuros e a termo aos três meses de idade e identificar as influências de fatores materno-infantis associadas ao desenvolvimento destes bebês. Participaram 275 díades mãe-bebê, sendo 168 prematuros e 107 a termo. Aplicou-se uma entrevista para coleta das variáveis materno-infantis e as Escalas Bayley III para avaliar o desenvolvimento. Os resultados indicaram que há diferenças significativas entre a termo e prematuros em relação à escolaridade materna, presença de irmãos e não planejamento materno da gravidez. Prematuros apresentaram maiores atrasos no desenvolvimento cognitivo, em linguagem expressiva, motor fino e motor amplo. A identificação de atrasos aos três meses apontou para a importância de programas de estimulação precoce como fator de proteção para evitar atrasos no desenvolvimento e como orientação aos cuidadores primários do bebê.

Knowing the influence of maternal-infant and environmental factors in the developmental process makes it possible to minimize delays. We intended to compare socio-demographic and developmental variables of preterm and full-term babies at three months of age, and to identify the influences of maternal-infant factors associated with the development of these babies. Participants were 275 mother-baby dyads, 168 being preterm and 107 full-term babies. We applied an interview to collect maternal-infant variables and we used the Bayley III Scales to evaluate development. The results indicated that there are significant differences between full-term and preterm babies regarding maternal education, the presence of siblings, and lack of maternal pregnancy planning. Preterm babies displayed more delays in cognitive development, expressive language, fine and gross motor development. The identification of delays at three months pointed to the importance of early stimulation programs as a protective factor to avoid developmental delays and as guidance to the primary caregivers of the baby.

Conocer la influencia de variables materno-infantiles y ambientales en el proceso de desarrollo hace posible que atrasos sean minimizados. Se pretendió comparar variables sociodemográficas y de desarrollo de bebés prematuros y a término a los tres meses de edad e identificar la influencia de factores materno-infantiles asociadas al desarrollo de estos bebés. Participaron 275 díadas madre-bebé, siendo 168 prematuros y 107 a término. Se aplicó una entrevista para la colecta de las variables materno-infantiles y las Escalas Bayley III para evaluar el desarrollo. Los resultados indicaron que hay diferencias significativas entre bebés a término y prematuros con respecto a la escolaridad materna, presencia de hermanos y falta de planeamiento materno del embarazo. Los prematuros presentaron mayores atrasos en el desarrollo cognitivo, en lenguaje expresivo, control motor fino y grueso. La identificación de atrasos a los tres meses mostró la importancia de programas de estimulación temprana como factor de protección para evitar atrasos del desarrollo y como orientación a los cuidadores primarios del bebé.

Parto a termo precoce em mulheres com gestação complicada por diabetes e hipoglicemia neonatal / Early term delivery in women with pregnancy complicated by diabetes and neonatal hypoglycemia

Examinar a associação entre parto a termo precoce (PTP) e hipoglicemia neonatal em mulheres com hiperglicemia na gestação (HG). 258 mulheres (30,8 ± 6,4 anos) com parto a termo e HG participaram do estudo. A hipoglicemia neonatal foi estabelecida por registro inferior a 45 mg/dl nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. A idade gestacional no parto foi estabelecida por ultrassonografia. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: i) mulheres com PTP (n = 163); ii) mulheres com parto a termo não precoce (n = 95). Os testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher, além da regressão logística, foram utilizados para análise de associação. O nível de significância de 5% foi adotado. Houve associação entre PTP e maior ocorrência de hipoglicemia neonatal (RC = 2,88; IC 95%: 1,19­6,96). Neonatos de mulheres com HG e PTP apresentaram maior ocorrência de hipoglicemia que seus pares nascidos a termo não precoce, o que sugere um fator de risco do parto a termo precoce em mulheres com gestação complicada por hiperglicemia.

The association between early term delivery (ETD) and neonatal hypoglycemia in women with diabetes in pregnancy (DP) is analyzed. 258 females (30.8 ± 6.4 years) with term delivery and diabetes in pregnancy participated in current study. Neonatal hypoglycemia was ≤ 45mg/dl in the first 24 hours of life. Gestational age at birth was established by ultrasonography. Sample was divided into (i) ETD females (n = 163) and (ii) females with non-early term delivery (n = 95). The Chi-Squared and Fisher's Exact tests and logistic regression were performed for association analysis at 5% significance level. Early term delivery and higher occurrence of neonatal hypoglycemia were associated (OR = 2.88; IC 95%: 1.19 ­ 6.96). Neonates born of females with diabetes during pregnancy and early term delivery had a higher incidence of hypoglycemia than their peers born in non-early term deliveries, which suggests a risk factor for early term delivery in females with pregnancy complicated by hyperglycemia.

Difference of Socioeconomic Factors among Mothers of Preterm and Full-Term Infant

Abstract Objective: To analyze the difference of socioeconomic factors among mothers of preterm and full-term infants. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was developed with 250 mothers of children aged three to five years. The sample was divided into two groups: 125 mothers of preterm infants from the referral center of a public hospital in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil and 125 mothers of children born full-term at a daycare center within the same city. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socioeconomic data and type of breastfeeding. To verify if there was association between the dependent variable gestational age at birth and the independent variables, the chi-square test was used. A final model with multiple Poisson regression estimated prevalence ratio values for each independent variable was developed. Results: The final multiple regression model showed that mothers that have a low monthly income of up to USD 450.28 (PR = 1.979, 95% CI = 1.082-3.620), used drugs, cigarettes, or alcohol during their pregnancy (PR = 4.095, 95% CI = 2.422-6.921), and did not breastfeed (PR = 2.294, 95% CI = 1.205-4.369) were more likely to give birth to preterm infants. Conclusion: Low monthly family income, use of drugs, alcohol, or smoking during pregnancy and absence of breastfeeding were more frequent on mothers of preterm infants.

Mean birth weight among term newborns: direction, magnitude and associated factors / Média de peso ao nascer em recém-nascidos a termo: direção, magnitude e fatores associados / Peso medio al nacer entre recién nacidos a término: tendencia, magnitud y factores asociados

Abstract: A trend towards increasing birth weight has been shown, but factors that explain these trends have not been elucidated. The objectives of this study were to evaluate changes in mean birth weight of term newborns and to identify factors associated with them. All cohorts are population-based studies in which random samples of births (Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State in 1978/1979, 1994 and 2010; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State in 1982, 1993 and 2004; and São Luís, Maranhão State in 1997/1998 and 2010, Brazil). A total of 32,147 full-term, singleton live births were included. Mean birth weight reduced in the first study period (-89.1g in Ribeirão Preto from 1978/1979 to 1994, and -27.7g in Pelotas from 1982 to 1993) and increased +30.2g in Ribeirão Preto from 1994 to 2010 and +24.7g in São Luís from 1997 to 2010. In the first period, in Ribeirão Preto, mean birth weight reduction was steeper among mothers with high school education and among those born 39-41 weeks. In the second period, the increase in mean birth weight was steeper among mothers with low schooling in Ribeirão Preto and São Luís, females and those born 37-38 weeks in Ribeirão Preto and cesarean section in São Luís. Birth weight decreased in the first study period then increased thereafter. The variables that seem to have been able to explain these changes varied over time.

Resumo: Existem evidências de uma tendência de aumento do peso ao nascer, mas pouco se sabe sobre os fatores que explicam essa tendência. Avaliar as mudanças na média de peso ao nascer e identificar os fatores associados. Foram incluídas todas as coortes de base populacional com amostras aleatórias de nascimentos (Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo em 1978/1979, 1994 e 2010; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul em 1982, 1993 e 2004; São Luís, Maranhão em 1997/1998 e 2010, Brasil). Foi incluído um total de 32.147 nascidos vivos a termo, de feto único. A média de peso ao nascer diminuiu no primeiro período estudado (-89,1g entre 1978/1979 e 1994 em Ribeirão Preto e -27,7g entre 1982 e 1993 em Pelotas) e aumentou no segundo período, +30,2g entre 1994 e 2010 em Ribeirão Preto e +24,7g entre 1997 e 2010 em São Luís. No primeiro período, em Ribeirão Preto, a redução na média de peso ao nascer foi maior entre mães com escolaridade mais alta e crianças nascidas com 39-41 semanas de idade gestacional. No segundo período, o aumento na média de peso ao nascer foi maior entre mães com escolaridade mais baixa em Ribeirão Preto e São Luís, crianças do sexo feminino e nascidas com 37-38 semanas em Ribeirão Preto e crianças nascidas de cesárea em São Luís. O peso ao nascer diminuiu no primeiro período e aumentou desde então. As variáveis que parecem explicar essas mudanças variaram ao longo do tempo.

Resumen: Se ha mostrado una tendencia de aumento de peso al nacer, pero los factores que explican esta tendencia todavía no han sido elucidados. Evaluar los cambios en el peso medio al nacer de los recién nacidos a término e identificar factores asociados. Se trata de un estudio de todas las cohortes basadas en población, donde existe una muestra aleatoria simple de nacimientos (Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo en 1978/1979, 1994 y 2010; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul en 1982, 1993 y 2004; y São Luís, Maranhão en 1997/1998 y 2010, Brasil). Se incluyeron un total de 32.147 de nacimientos a término completo con embarazo de un único feto. El peso medio al nacer se redujo en el primer estudio del período (-89,1g en Ribeirão Preto desde 1978/1979 a 1994 y -27,7g en Pelotas desde 1982 a 1993) y se incrementó +30,2g en Ribeirão Preto desde 1994 a 2010 y +24.7g en São Luís desde 1997 a 2010. En el primer periodo, en Ribeirão Preto, la reducción del peso medio al nacer fue más pronunciada entre madres con una escolarización más alta y entre aquellos nacidos con 39-41 semanas. En el segundo período, el incremento en el peso medio al nacer fue más pronunciado entre las madres con una escolarización más baja en Ribeirão Preto y São Luís, mujeres y aquellos que nacieron con 37-38 semanas en Ribeirão Preto y en el área de cesáreas en São Luís. Disminuyó el peso al nacer durante el primer período de estudio y se vio incrementado después. Las variables que parecen capaces de explicar estos cambios varían a lo largo del tiempo.

Situação do aleitamento materno no primeiro ano de recém-nascidos prematuros tardios: estudo de coorte / Breastfeeding status in the !rst year of late preterm infants: a cohort study

O aleitamento materno é essencial para a saúde infantil, especialmente, para crianças que tiveram nascimento precoce. Realizou- se estudo de coorte prospectiva objetivando comparar taxas de aleitamento materno no primeiro ano de vida de recém-nascidos prematuros tardios e a termo, e investigar os fatores associados. As mães (n=581) foram entrevistadas antes de um mês, aos dois, três, quatro, seis, nove e 12 meses de idade dos lactentes. Os resultados mostraram-se desfavoráveis para o conjunto dos lactentes estudados: 78,1% dos prematuros tardios e 73,2% dos nascidos a termo não se encontravam em aleitamento materno exclusivo aos quatro meses de idade e apenas 7,6% e 23,5%, respectivamente, estavam em aleitamento materno aos 12 meses. Análise de regressão logística multivariada não identificou piores situações de aleitamento materno exclusivo e de aleitamento materno para prematuros tardios após a alta da maternidade. Reforça-se a premência de intensificação de ações de promoção do aleitamento materno no contexto estudado.

Breastfeeding is essential for child health, especially for children born prematurely. A prospective cohort study was conducted to compare breastfeeding rates in the first year of life of late preterm and term infants, and to investigate the associated factors. Mothers (n=581) were interviewed before one month, at two, three, four, six, nine and 12 months of age of the infants. The results were unfavorable for all the infants studied: 78.1% of the late preterm infants and 73.2% of the full-term infants were not exclusively breastfeeding at four months of age and only 7.6% and 23.5%, respectively, were breastfeeding at 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis did not identify worse situations of exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding for late preterm infants after discharge from the maternity hospital. The urgent need to intensify actions to promote breastfeeding in the context studied is reinforced.

Differences in starting points of active phase and labor duration between preterm and full-term primiparae / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective@#To compare the starting points of the active phase of labor and labor duration between preterm and full-term primiparae and to provide evidence for appropriate labor management.@*Methods@#From January 2013 to December 2016, 925 preterm primiparae (preterm group, 28 to 36+6 weeks) and equal number of full-term primiparae (full-term group, 37 to 41+6 weeks) who delivered in Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics were recruited. The starting point of the active labor was defined as the cervical dilatation at the turning point on the cervical dilatation curve where changing from almost flat to the biggest slope. Differences in the starting points and labor duration between the two groups were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using two independent sample t-test, one way analysis of variance and rank-sum test.@*Results@#The duration of the first and second stages [(5.7±2.5) vs (6.8±5.2) h, t=-5.835; (29.9±16.8) vs (34.2±17.2) min, t=-12.637; both P<0.001] and the active phase [M (P95): 1.0 (3.2) vs 1.0 (4.5) h, Z=2.017, P=0.047] of the preterm primiparae were all significantly shorter than those of the full-term primiparae, and the average cervical dilatation rate was significantly accelerated during the active period [M (P5): 6.7 (1.8) vs 5.1 (1.6) cm/h, Z=-2.676, P<0.001]. In the preterm group, women whose starting points of the active phase were at 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm and ≥6 cm of cervical dilatation were 25 (2.7%), 275 (29.7%), 258 (27.9%), 203 (21.9%),109 (11.8%) and 55 (5.9%), respectively. While in the full-term group, women whose starting points of the active phase were at 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm and >6 cm of cervical dilatation were 74 (8.0%), 208 (22.5%), 287 (31.0%), 168 (18.2%), 127 (13.7%) and 61(6.6%), respectively. In the preterm group, the starting points of the active phase at cervical dilatation≤3 cm, ≤4 cm and ≤5 cm accounted for 60.3% (558/925), 82.3% (761/925) and 94.1% (870/925), respectively. In the full-term group, the percentages of the active phase starting at cervical dilatation≤4 cm, ≤5 cm and ≤6 cm were 61.5% (569/925), 79.7% (737/925) and 93.4% (864/925), respectively.@*Conclusions@#Preterm primiparae may experience shorter labor duration and an earlier start of the active phase than full-term primiparae. The routine labor progression model for full-term primiparae should not be applied to preterm primiparae.

Differences in starting points of active phase and labor duration between preterm and full-term primiparae / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To compare the starting points of the active phase of labor and labor duration between preterm and full-term primiparae and to provide evidence for appropriate labor management. Methods From January 2013 to December 2016, 925 preterm primiparae (preterm group, 28 to 36+6 weeks) and equal number of full-term primiparae (full-term group, 37 to 41+6 weeks) who delivered in Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics were recruited. The starting point of the active labor was defined as the cervical dilatation at the turning point on the cervical dilatation curve where changing from almost flat to the biggest slope. Differences in the starting points and labor duration between the two groups were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using two independent sample t-test, one way analysis of variance and rank-sum test. Results The duration of the first and second stages [(5.7±2.5) vs (6.8±5.2) h, t=－5.835; (29.9±16.8) vs (34.2± 17.2) min, t=－12.637; both P<0.001] and the active phase [M (P95): 1.0 (3.2) vs 1.0 (4.5) h, Z=2.017, P=0.047] of the preterm primiparae were all significantly shorter than those of the full-term primiparae, and the average cervical dilatation rate was significantly accelerated during the active period [M (P5): 6.7 (1.8) vs 5.1 (1.6) cm/h, Z=－2.676, P<0.001]. In the preterm group, women whose starting points of the active phase were at 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm and ≥ 6 cm of cervical dilatation were 25 (2.7%), 275 (29.7%), 258 (27.9%), 203 (21.9%), 109 (11.8%) and 55 (5.9%), respectively. While in the full-term group, women whose starting points of the active phase were at 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm and >6 cm of cervical dilatation were 74 (8.0%), 208 (22.5%), 287 (31.0%), 168 (18.2%), 127 (13.7%) and 61(6.6%), respectively. In the preterm group, the starting points of the active phase at cervical dilatation≤3 cm, ≤4 cm and ≤5 cm accounted for 60.3% (558/925), 82.3% (761/925) and 94.1% (870/925), respectively. In the full-term group, the percentages of the active phase starting at cervical dilatation≤4 cm, ≤5 cm and ≤6 cm were 61.5% (569/925), 79.7% (737/925) and 93.4% (864/925), respectively. Conclusions Preterm primiparae may experience shorter labor duration and an earlier start of the active phase than full-term primiparae. The routine labor progression model for full-term primiparae should not be applied to preterm primiparae.